Nhistory of okra pdf

It became a separate district in 1982, prior to that it was part of sahiwal district. Texas had the highest population of okra families in 1880. Phytochemical, nutritional and pharmacological evidences for. Cast iron catfish, lettuce, tomato, and onion, wrapped in a flour tortilla with dixie sauce. Lovely plants that grow 78 feet tall and have deep red stems. It was probably brought to the united states by french colonists to louisiana in early 1700. A delicious heirloom from alabama, this variety has fat, redtinged pods that are great fried or in gumbo. That history typifies southern cuisine its one born of conflict and subjugation. Okra, or gumbo, from africa 0kra hibiscus esculentus is also called gumbo in this country, although the latter term is more often applied to soups or other dishes which contain okra. With okra, virginia willis provides the key that unlocks the door of okra desire to okra addicts and newcomers to the pod alike. An overview of production, processing, marketing and utilisation of okra in egbedore local government area of osun state, nigeria agricultural engineering international.

Okra abelmoschus esculentus, a favorite of southern cuisine and widely grown in tropical areas around the world, grows from 3 to 8 feet tall. Preparation of plant materials for nutrient analysis. Find out more about the potential benefits and risks of eating okra and get some tips on using it. Okra has a thick seed coat and does not germinate easily. Another way to prepare okra is adding it to your favorite stew.

Okra plants have small erect stems that can be bristly or hairless with heartshaped leaves. Okra was discovered around ethiopia during the 12th century b. Asian rice was shown to brazil by portuguese sailors and african slaves african slaves brought rice from madagascar which was in high regard. Introduction okra is a flowering plant of the mallow family. Tags akan fon igbo manding okra okra soup rice shiksa in the kitchen the history kitchen tori avey traditional vegetables wolof about michaelwtwitty i am a judaics teacher and culinary historian focusing on the foodways of africa, enslaved african americans, african america and the african and. The okra, which is native to africa, is extensively cultivated in the southern united states and the west indies for its long, many seeded pod, which, when still young and green, is use to thicken soups and stews, and as a cooked vegetable. Howards fifty years in a maryland kitchen 1881 edition. Ladys fingers, gombo, gumbo, quingombo, okro, ochro, bamia, bamie, quiabo. Because this mountainous region was so isolated for centuries, little is known about the cultivation and uses there. Affordable and search from millions of royalty free images, photos and vectors. The exact origin of okra is unknown, but it is thought to have come from africa, where it has been grown as a crop for centuries. Okra probably originated somewhere around ethiopia, and was cultivated by the ancient egyptians by the 12th century b. The likelihood of okra genes transferring to humans and other animals is.

Cultivated and wild species of okra clearly showed overlapping in southeast asia, which is considered as the centre of diversity. Okra most likely originated in northeast africa where okra plants can be found growing wild along the banks of the white nile river and where it has been part of the cuisine for. It was spread throughout north africa and the middle east. Okra was discovered around ethiopia during the 12th. The seed pods were eaten cooked, and the seeds were toasted and ground, used as a. It also guards the mucous membranes of the digestive system, by covering them with additional layer. Its believed that okra originated in the abyssinia region of africa, the area we now know as ethiopia. In 1880 there were 9 okra families living in texas. It is perennial plant but mostly cultivated as annual its immature green seed pods is eaten as a vegetable it is known in many englishspeaking countries as ladies fingers or ochro. Okra diseases and pests, description, uses, propagation.

Due to hard texture, this type of okra requires boiling. Rick mcdaniel is a food historian, culinary anthropologist and author who specializes in the food of the american south with a particular interest in the federal and antebellum periods. When okra is cooked however the cooking water really gets super slimy. Yield and fruit quality of okra abelmoschus esculentus l. Okra has been found growing wild in ethiopia and along the nile suggesting that it truly originated in this area. Okra is in the hibiscus family, and has very pretty yellow flowers. One of the earliest accounts of okra is by a spanish moor who visited egypt in. Okra comes from a olympus c 5060 pdf large vegetable plant thought to be of african origin, and it was. Okra, scientific name abelmoschus esculentus moench, is a member of the botanical mallow family, which contains various plants and fruits like the marshmallow and the durian. Okra is one of the most popular vegetables in late 20th century japanese cuisine. The crop is attacked by number of pests of which shoot and fruit borer, leafhopper, whitefly, red spider mite, solenopsis mealy bug and rootknot. Okra, abelmoschus esculentus, is an herbaceous annual plant in the family malvaceae which is grown for its edible seed pods.

Okra supposedly originated in ethiopia, the mountainous or plateau portion of eritrea, and the eastern, higher part of sudan. An overview of okra production, processing, marketing. Okra has a long history and a wealth of health benefits. An overview of production, processing, marketing and. Evidence suggests it was grown in egypt as long ago as 2,000 bc. Okra simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. The average length, breadth and thickness of the seed varied from 592 to 730, 471 to 540 and 4. Okra is an important vegetable as its contribution to ghanas agricultural gross domestic production g. The multan road connects the district capital, okara with lahore 110 km away and faisalabad is 100 km by passing away ravi river.

Mar 18, 2009 place okra medallions in the the pan with the spice mixture and shake the pan to make sure the slices get covered in the spice. Its this characteristic that gives okra one of its name gumbo. Woldegiorgis abstract okra abelmoschus esculentus is an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world. An edible ornamental flowering hibiscus, okra is an annual, erect herb with stems that contain stiff hairs.

This was about 56% of all the recorded okra s in the usa. The leaves are 1020 cm 48 in long with 57 lobes the plant produces flowers with five white to yellow petals which are 48 cm 1. Pdf okrra abelmoschus esculentus l moench researchgate. Economic importance of okra fruits are cooked in a various ways. Purple red storage, tropeana lunga, yellow of parma, jaune paille des vertus, bianca di maggio, crimson forest bunching, he shi ko bunching start.

It is mentioned by a spanish moor who visited egypt in 1216. Okra can grow to around 75cm wide and 120180cm tall. Okra seeds contain about 20% proteins and 20% oil 17, 46. Okra mucilage has medicinal applications when used as a plasma replacement or blood. Area, production and yield of okra in pakistan 199900 to 200405. Introduction molecular studies on okra yellow veins mosaic virus oyvmv biotypes page 1 chapter 1 introduction 1 introduction. Okra is native to the tropics of the eastern hemisphere and is widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics of the western hemisphere. Discussion includes soil preparation, varieties, and common insect enemies of okra. Even though, the plant is cultivated in tropical and warm temperate region around the.

World production of okra both species as fresh fruitvegetable is estimated at 6 million tyear. Okra is commonly associated in southern, creole, and cajun cooking since it was introduced into. Okra has been found growing wild in ethiopia and along the nile suggesting that it tru ly originated in this area. This version is based on recipes from the 19th century, especially those of mary randolphs the virginia housewife 1824 and mrs. Yet perhaps because of this dark history, okra forms the foundation of southern comfort food. He is the author of an irresistible history of southern food history press, 2011. Okra is a multipurpose crop due to its various uses of the fresh leaves, buds, flowers, pods, stems. Make sure that the covering is 2 to 3 feet tall so. Okra plant or lady finger was previously included in the genus hibiscus, section abelmoschus in the family.

Okra abelmoschus esculentus, known in many englishspeaking countries as ladies fingers or. The okra is a high intake of plant products is associated with a reduced risk of a. Nutritional quality and health benefits of okra abelmoschus. The name okra probabily derives from one of nigercongo group of languages the name for okra in the twi language is nkuruma 11. And okra is one of many vegetables that can be dried. Growth and yield response of okra abelmoschus esculentus l. The fruits of okra have reawakened beneficial interest in bringing this crop into commercial production. Okra, a herbaceous hairy annual plant of the mallow family and its edible podlike fruits.

The plant most likely made it to the southern united states with the beginnings of the slave trade in the 1500s. The geographical origin of okra is disputed, with supporters of west african, ethiopian, and south asian origins. It is unlikely that your local grocery store carries fresh okra, but it can be found more easily in specialty stores and farmers markets. An overview of production, processing, marketing and utilisation of okra. Abelmoschus esculentus, also hibiscus esculentus also known as. Thomas jefferson indicated in was being grown in virgin. Wild okra on the upper nile although the plant has been well known in india for a long time, it is not found wild there. Okra seed history of okra okra is found in its wild state on the alluvial banks of the nile and the egyptians were the first to cultivate it in the basin of the nile 12th century bc. Only 3 to 4 days are required from the time the okra flower opens until the pod reaches harvest maturity. Okra slices show the pentagonal crosssection of the fruit. University of kentucky cooperative extension service. There has been a progressive increase in area and production of okra in pakistan.

Report discussing best practices for the cultivation of okra and its potential uses in cooking, especially in soups and salads. The most okra families were found in the usa in 1880. Its cultivation spread throughout north africa and the middle east. Okra has fulfilled the demand of vegetables besides nutritional requirements. Oven roasted okra wonderfully made and dearly loved. It is used in cajun and new orleans cuisine to thicken such dishes as chicken gumbo. The plants versatility and history made the plant a mainstay of southern cuisine. As okra season is in full effect, we offer a little info on the okra to help the haters to give it a second chance. Moench is an important vegetable crop in the tropical and subtropical regions of asia and africa bight and bhat, 2006. Malvaceae is a vegetable valued for many of its properties.

The term okra was in the use of english by the late 18th century 12. It was likely introduced into the arab countries through traders and slave traders. Okra seed flour could also be used to fortify cereal flour 49. Okra probably had originated in abyssinian center of origin of cultivated plants. Once okra has browned and crisped somewhat, fold the okra into the oniontomato sauce. Okra has 3 629 seeds per kg, and 5 to 6 kg of seeds are required to plant 1 ha. Okra is an effective remedy for ulcers and joint healthiness. History of okra okra is found in its wild state on the alluvial banks of the nile and the egyptians were the first to cultivate it in the basin of the nile 12th century bc. Objectives of okra breeding article pdf available in journal of new seeds 62. Okra is quite old, but very little is known about it. If a precision planter is used, 3 kgha is re commended. According to the 2017 census, the district has a population of 3,039,9.

Okra, abelmoschus esculentus is known in various part of the world as ochre. Mar 26, 2020 okra, a herbaceous hairy annual plant of the mallow family and its edible podlike fruits. The okra, a relative to the hibiscus and cotton plant, is a little tubular vegetable with fuzzy, tender casing and round, edible white seeds. Okra abelmoschus esculentus l is commonly known as bhindi or ladys finger belonging to family malvaceae. The best producing okra to plant home guides sf gate. Here is a peppery, historically inspired recipe for okra soup. The best okra, like almost all vegetables, is young and fresh right out of the garden. Pdf nutritional quality and health benefits of okra. Okra is becoming more popular outside of the american south as chefs find ways to tame the vegetables tendency to get slimy when cooked for long periods of time. Heatloving okra is capable of withstanding dry periods once established. Okra abelmoschus esculentus, is an important vegetable crop grown throughout the year in india. This simple diy heirloom recipe has a few modern updates. The roots and stems are used for clearing the cane juice from which gur or brown sugar is prepared.

Nutritional quality and health benefits of okra abelmoschus esculentus. Topping eight feet, with gorgeous butteryellow flowers that ripen into the plants signature seedfilled pods, okra has. Okra, or gumbo, from africa archives aggie horticulture. Classic dark roux base, tomato and okra gumbo with shrimp, oysters, crabmeat and andouille sausage. The ripe seeds are used as substitute for coffee in turkey. Okra leaves may be cooked in a similar manner as the greens of beets or dandelions. Closely related to the cotton plant, okra seed pods are harvested when immature. By oven roasting okra i can enjoy this beneficial food more frequently. Okra is suitable for cultivation as a garden crop as well as on large commercial farms. The key to maintaining okra production continuously throughout the summer is to harvest regularly. In nigeria adejonwo et al 1989 reported that uncontrolled weed growth throughout the crop life cycle reduced okra fruit yield between 88 and 90% compared with those kept weed free throughout the growth period.

It is used counteract the acids, due to its alkaline origin. The leaves are prepared in much the same manner as common leafy vegetables like kale. The physical properties of okra seed were evaluated as a function of moisture content m. Okra, both a common pod vegetable and nightshade vegetable eaten in the deep south, is also called gumbo in the u. Most of these species are indigenous to various parts of africa and are often used for medicinal and culinary purposes. Okra is a nutritional source of power used throughout history for both medicinal. Okra originated somewhere around the ethiopia, and was cultivated by the ancient egyptians by the 12th century b. The okra a little history and some growing instructions okra is a beautiful ornamental plant which produces flowers which resemble hollyhock or hibiscus blossoms as well as a delicious and nutritious vegetable. Okra most likely originated in northeast africa where okra plants can be found growing wild along the banks of the white nile river and where it has been part of the cuisine for thousands of years. However, npk fertilizer is very expensive and therefore increases cost of production.

It was propagated then through north africa to the mediterranean, the balkans, and india. Jan 25, 2017 oven roasted okra is a budget friendly addition to your menu. Anytime a fruit, veggie or food product will naturally help to regulate my blood sugar, i make a serious effort to include it in my meal plans. The secret history of okra okra soup afroculinaria. When selecting fresh okra, be sure to choose the pods that are bright green and firm. Pdf okra abelmoschus esculentus is an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of. Okra abelmoschus esculentus are known in many englishspeaking countries as ladys fingers or gumbo is a flowering plant in the mallow family, related to cotton and hibiscus. Okra is a cultigen a plant that has been altered by humans through a process of selective breeding. Modern travelers have found okra growing truly wild, however, along the white nile and elsewhere in the upper nile country as well as in ethiopia. Gumbo is believed to be a corruption of a portuguese corruption, quingombo, of the word quillobo, native name for the plant in the congo and angola area of africa.

The potential for wide cultivation of okra for edible oil as well as for cake is very high 48. With a crop as adaptable as this, there should be no trouble finding varieties to fit into localities up to about 1,000 m in elevation that have a. The tender unripe fruits are commonly cooked as a vegetable. Okra is a nutritional source of power used throughout history for both. You can start okra seeds indoors in peat pots under full light 3 to 4 weeks before the last spring frost date in warmer areas, you can also start okra directly in your garden 3 to 4 weeks before the last spring frost date as long as you cover the plants with a cold frame or grow tunnel until the weather warms up fully. According to zeven and zhukovsky 1975, okra is believed to have originated in the hindustani centre of origin, chiefly india, pakistan and burma. Okra is a vegetable that, as twitty and others argued, sustained an enslaved race. The most common disease afflicting the okra plant is verticillium wilt, often causing a yellowing and wilting of. History of okra okra is found in its wild state on the alluvial banks of the. Okra is additionally applied for pulmonary inflammations, bowel. It is an important fruit vegetable crop cultivated in various states of india. Although when we think of gumbo we usually think of soups, cajun and creole cuisine, okra has numerous health benefits. Scientists believe the cultivation of the okra plant began as early as 12th century bc in ethiopia.

It is cultivated for the pods, which are harvested in the immature stage and used in salads, soups and dishes. Journal of food gemede et al, food process echnol 21. The greattasting pods are long and thin, being quite tender even when longer than most. Jul 30, 2012 okra is becoming more popular outside of the american south as chefs find ways to tame the vegetables tendency to get slimy when cooked for long periods of time. Aug 27, 20 here is a peppery, historically inspired recipe for okra soup. History okra probably originated somewhere around ethiopia, and was cultivated by the ancient egyptians by the 12th century b. Okra seed oil has potential hypocholesterolemic effect 47.

Introduction background of the study okra, also known as gumbo or ladies may fingers, an annual herb of the mallow family. Okra, lady fingers or bhindi is a vegetable that has a lot of stored nutrients. It is only in west and central africa accounting for about 10% of world production that common okra and west african okra are both used. The okra family name was found in the usa between 1880 and 1920. Okra as a valuable vegetable of the world 107 ratar. Its cultivation spread throughout middle east and north africa 3, 17.

Okra is a tropical plant which grows best in warm climates. One of our most popular varieties, it is unique and rare. When okra is 8 cm tall, plants should be thinned 20 to 30 cm between plants. Origin of okra okra originated from somewhere around africa and, was cultivated by the ancient egyptians by the 12th century. The name, okra, comes from the west african ashanti word, nkruma, and its cajun name, gumbo, comes from the bantu word, ngombo. Along with roux, okra is the normal thickening agent in gumbo. Okra is a mildtasting vegetable that produces a thick juice to enrich sauces. The seed pods were eaten cooked, and the seeds were toasted and ground, used as a coffee substitute and still is. The crop is widely grown in west africa, particularly nigeria, where it is consumed in all parts of the country because of its high. It is much useful against genitourinary disorders and chronic dysentery.